The Hammonds Postulate - Organic Chemistry

The Hammond's Postulate - Organic ChemistryThe Hammond's Postulate - as presented by Dr. Hammond in his famous lecture entitled 'Why Not Chemical, Organic, Medicinal or Veterinary?' at the Edinburgh Organic Chemistry Conference of July, 1987, the Hammond's Postulate is stated as follows: 'Every living organism has a distinctive pattern of operation that determines its reproductive capability.' Dr. Hammond then explained that inorganic and organic chemistry does not distinguish between bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and zygotes. He stated: 'The explanation for this species distinction is simple; it is because every cell is self-contained, which means that every cell can grow and reproduce independently of the others'.This statement immediately raises an argument in favor of what may be termed the Hammond's Postulate, that organic chemistry should be focused on living systems. If this were so, then we could think of living cells as the basic constituents of the chemical world, and t he world of chemistry as the system of chemical reactions which effect those cells.In an attempt to dismiss the Hammond's Postulate, one might perhaps mention to a chemist, for example, that there are quite a few living cells in the world that produce chemicals, in other words, that living cells play a very important role in the life of the chemical world. This assertion, though, would be misleading, because there are simply too many living cells, and they each have a different role, for instance, respiratory systems, sebaceous glands, photosynthetic life, etc.What is most interesting, however, is that Dr. Hammond himself used rudimentary biology to support his position. And, if one can call biology rudimentary, as he did, the Hammond's Postulate is indeed the simplest of all the Postulates.Simply stated, the Hammond's Postulate states that all cells in the world are capable of producing chemicals, that is, they are capable of being the cells of living organisms. And, at the same ti me, all cells are also capable of reproducing independently. Since all cells possess the capacity for reproduction, then the cells must be linked, so to speak, together to produce offspring. The central implication is that if a cell lacks the ability to reproduce, it will die, leaving no offspring to reproduce.Nature's miracles are a far cry from those we see in laboratories. It is interesting to note that at the same time as the Hammond's Postulate was articulated, Michael Hart, a famous biologist who was a Nobel Prize winner in chemistry, was addressing the same conference as Dr. Hammond. He stated that, 'I am convinced that my whole science can be traced back to the debate between these two men'.The Hammond's Postulate certainly must be taken seriously by organic chemistry, and no doubt, will provide the foundation for a new generation of organic chemists. A strong case can be made for the inclusion of the Hammond's Postulate in any new Organic Chemistry textbook. This theory of fundamental cells in the chemical world must surely be embraced by organic chemists who are deeply concerned with the physiological and even philosophical implications of living systems.

Volunteer With HEART Jeanette Price - Heart Math Tutoring

Volunteer With HEART Jeanette Price - Heart Math Tutoring Volunteer With HEART: Jeanette Price Volunteer With HEART: Jeanette Price April 7, 2015 Jeanette Price is a veteran volunteer and proctor with Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools. She is part of the National Alumnae Association for West Charlotte High School. While Jeanette was at Alexander Graham Middle School with the after-school program Bulldogs Matter,  she was asked to help students with math homework. She was a little uncomfortable at first because, she said, the subject was “not her strong suit,” but she saw a need for extra support.  A sixth grade girl at Bulldog Matters explained how they were being taught in the classroom, and Price became more ease with tutoring the subject. She learned about HEART four years ago and thought it would be a good way to keep working with children and continue learning about math education. Her first school was Rama Road, working with two third graders. When HEART moved from Rama Road, Jeanette followed the program to Billingsville Elementary where she works with two second graders. “The students are eager to come to HEART when you go to their classroom to pick them up,” she said. How and why did you become a volunteer with HEART? “I have a passion for children and felt HEART Tutoring would be an excellent opportunity to share my time with elementary students in a math program. This has been a great experience for me.” What are some of your favorite moments from working with the students? “I am delighted to see smiles and happiness as they gain confidence and achieve math concept goals and activities on a particular lesson. There have been times when my student asks me to have ‘Ms. Padgett,’ a HEART Program Coordinator, do their assessment when they feel they are ready to move to another level. There was a time when I was absent and they asked, ‘Where were you last week?’ I feel I am having a positive influence on their learning experience.” What would you tell someone who is thinking about becoming a volunteer? “It’s the best hour spent â€" on Thursdays at Billingsville. I have two second graders who are excited about learning math and love having the one-on-one attention. They are my little friends whom I enjoy working with and giving encouragement so that they will have a positive attitude about math. The program is fun and uses games to support thinking and learning math skills. I love using all the visual aids: connecting cubes, deck of cards, ten frames cards, domino cards, bowls and, of course, pencil and paper. A Program Coordinator is on site at each session with your materials and ready to assist.” Want to volunteer? Heart will need more volunteers for the 2015/2016 school year! With a commitment of one hour per week, community members can help a struggling student gain the skills and confidence he/she needs for long-term success. Click here to express your interest!

Another, Other or Others Video with Exercise

Another, Other or Others Video with Exercise Another, other and others are three words that are often confused in English. This is because their meaning is very similar. All of them mean additional, but they are used differently.The video below gives a very good explanation of the difference. After the video, try the exercise. Fill in the gaps with other, others or another, and an article if necessary.1. I dont like this whiskey, I want ______ one, with the blue label.2. These chocolates are great! Can you pass me _____ one?3. This wine is good, but I think _____ is much better.4. Bartender! ______ beer please!5. These movies dont look interesting. Do you have any _____? RAMAFA What are the correct answers ? 1 the other 2- another 3- the other 4- another 5- other Paul Almost! Youve got all of them except one. Can anyone see which one is in correct and give the correct answer? If not, Ill give the correct answer at the end of the day.  Paul LOIEnglish Ok, so the incorrect answer was #5. It should be others, because in this c ase, the word any tells us that the answer will be plural.   Magito Masen Cullen what are the correct answers ? Another Other Another Other others can you hel me? LOIEnglish 1. I don’t like this whiskey, I want THE OTHER one, with the blue label. (this is specific, you know the specific type of whiskey that you want, so you must use THE) 2. These chocolates are great! Can you pass me ANOTHER one? (In this case you just want 1 more) 3. This wine is good, but I think THE OTHER is much better. (This is similar to number 1. You like a specific wine more.) 4. Bartender! ANOTHER beer please! (You want 1 more beer.) 5. These movies don’t look interesting. Do you have any OTHERS? (You want not just 1 more movie option but you want a different group or collection of movie options) Lenka 1.the other 2.another 3. the other 4.another 5.others LOIEnglish LenkaVery good!

A Child Learning to Walk Falls a Thousand Times

A Child Learning to Walk Falls a Thousand Times As a child learning to walk falls a thousand times before she can stand, and after that falls again and again until at last she can walk, so are we as little children before God. An inspirational message by a spiritual leader from India. This message is also a thanks to  Rick Hanson  whose teachings have helped  Dirk  to become more grounded and gracious. Namaste A Child Learning to Walk Falls a Thousand Times As a child learning to walk falls a thousand times before she can stand, and after that falls again and again until at last she can walk, so are we as little children before God. An inspirational message by a spiritual leader from India. This message is also a thanks to  Rick Hanson  whose teachings have helped  Dirk  to become more grounded and gracious. Namaste

Why your schools 11 initiative should include digital literacy training for your teachers

Why your school’s 11 initiative should include digital literacy training for your teachers Going 1:1 or BYOD? Don’t forget about digital literacy training for your teaching staff. As the world moves further into the twenty-first century, school and district leaders are encountering mounting pressure to realign, rethink and reinvent traditional education practices at their schools in order to meet the needs of today’s students - those ubiquitous digital natives. 1:1 (or BYOD) initiatives are by no means a new phenomenon in our schools and districts. However, while many of our classrooms have been transitioning to a 1:1 initiative over the past few years, many education leaders continue to struggle with planning and implementing successful technology rollouts at their schools. Digital technology is fundamentally changing how teachers teach. Simply giving each student their own device will not magically result in better learning outcomes - unless you also address their teacher’s digital literacies and competencies. And as a school leader, you play a crucial role in guiding your teachers into the digital age. Possessing digital skills and being digitally literate are two markedly different things. And as we see time and time again, without the right teacher training, education initiatives have a tendency to crash and burn. Schools and district leaders who are considering launching or who are currently involved in a 1:1 initiative need to make professional development for their teachers a core component of their rollout plan. As this Edutopia article argues: “While individual educators can develop the skills necessary to help students succeed in the new economy, if that capacity does not spread throughout the school, and if the school lacks the tools needed for teachers to effectively instruct in the digital world, ultimately, students will suffer.” It’s not just about helping your teachers become technically savvy. Laying the groundwork for a successful 1:1 initiative starts with providing the right training for teachers on the effective use of digital tools and technology. Schools and districts need to implement a solid digital literacy training program that empowers their educators to make the successful transition to a technology-rich classroom environment. Digital literacy also needs to be a significant element in this process. As digital tools and technology become more and more standard in classrooms, savvy school and district leaders need to recognize that all their teachers can benefit from effective digital literacy training and work proactively to develop a comprehensive technology support and teacher training program for all teaching staff. As Alan November states, “adding a digital device to the classroom without a fundamental change in the culture of teaching and learning will not lead to significant improvement.” In the end, 1:1 programs can only be as effective as the teachers leading them on a day-to-day basis. Implementing 1:1 technology is simply not enough. Many teachers struggle with their continually evolving role in teaching and using technology in their classrooms as well as how technology is shifting the way their students learn. And without the right digital literacy training, teachers will inevitably struggle with finding meaningful ways to engage students with technology and equip them with the 21st-century skills they will needto be globally competitive citizens. Before teachers can effectively facilitate the use of a new tool or device in their classroom, they need the training to understand how a particular tool can effectively enhance student learning outcomes. Digital literacy training for your teaching staff is an essential to a successful 1:1 digital initiative. Teach Away has partnered with Teachers College, Columbia University, to offer an online digital literacy training program for K-8 teachers. Contact us today to find out about volume pricing for your teacher group, school or district!

?? A Parents Guide to Maths University Applications

?? A Parents Guide to Maths University Applications A Parents Guide to Maths University Applications Guest post contributed by STEP MathsThe application process for Maths applicants at the top Universities can be confusing, with a plethora of different admissions tests, interviews and entry requirements. This guide should help make sense of it.Open DaysFor an application to start University in September 2018, the admissions process will start in just a few months’ time. Maths specific Open Days at Cambridge start in April 2017 and many other universities are similar. These days are vital for getting a ‘feel’ of different universities, in addition to accessing all the important information about the course, accommodation, financial support, campus facilities etc. all in one place. For universities including Oxford, Cambridge and Durham, Open Days can be important for choosing a college, giving a chance to see the great variety in the size, age and location of different colleges.The exams (AS levels or other exams) in May and June are also extremely important; for one, they can form the basis of any predicted grades for the final A Level exams.UCAS ApplicationOver the Summer Holiday, there will be time to do two very important things in preparation for the new year: completing the UCAS form and preparing for any early Admissions Tests.One of the major parts of the UCAS form is the personal statement. This is often very important, even for Maths applications. It gives an opportunity to show interest in Maths outside of the school curriculum, such as any books read or so-called ‘super-curricular’ activities. For me, this included things like taking part in Maths Challenges and attending my college’s Maths Society.Contrary to expectations, It is also important to show that you can communicate clearly and efficiently as all Maths has to be communicated, often using words.The deadline for the UCAS Application is some point in October 2017 for competitive courses including Oxford and Cambridge, although schools and colleges often require an earlier deadlin e to give them time to write their references. (The general deadline is in January.) By this point, then, it must have been decided which courses will be applied for and the personal statement must have been completed.Most universities will offer either a four or three year course for Mathematics. It is commonly suggested that if there is any potential of doing the four year course, that is the one which should be applied for, since it is easier to change down rather than change up. November Admissions TestsNear the start of November some Universities require applicants to sit Admissions Tests. These include the MAT (Maths Admissions Test) and the TMUA (Test of Mathematics for University Admission). These are used to either decide which applicants to give offers to or to interview.The MAT is used by both Oxford and Imperial College London. It is two and a half hours long and totals a maximum of 100 marks, made up of both multiple choice and long questions. The content is based only on the current Core 1 and Core 2 modules, so preparation can start quite early on. (This may vary with the new A-level coming in.) Oxford uses the MAT to cut down circa 2000 applicants to around 800, who are given interviews.The TMUA is a relatively new admissions test, piloted in 2016, and is used primarily by Durham University to decide which applicants to give offers. Applicants to Lancaster and LSE can also receive a lower offer with a strong result in the TMUA. It is made up of t wo one hour long multiple choice papers, both on the same day in November, with content also mostly based on AS Level maths.InterviewsFor Oxford and Cambridge, interviews begin in December. The process differs between the two (and between individual colleges) but the central idea is to help choose students suitable for supervision-style or tutorial-style learning and differentiate between those with similarly high grades.At Cambridge, most applicants are invited to interview. The interviews are done by individual colleges, and thus different applicants will have different experiences. Most applicants will have around two interviews in one day. These interviews will be solely maths focused, and some of them will have a short test before. The interviews will form a significant but part of the decision of whether to make an applicant a university offer.At Oxford, fewer applicants are invited to interview, due to the MAT exam which will have been taken beforehand. Applicants to Oxford w ill also have more interviews, with at least two different colleges. These interviews will take place over a number of days in mid-December, and students will stay in the college applied to for a couple of nights. The interviews themselves will have a similar format to those at Cambridge, mostly just working through a small number of Maths problems.Winter PoolOffers will be given out by Cambridge and Oxford in mid-January. Since applications are not always balanced between colleges, both Oxford and Cambridge have a ‘pool’ system which evens this out. If a college has too many applicants which they think are worthy of an offer, some applicants can be pooled. This means other colleges with too few accepted students can take students from this pool.This means that in January some students can receive offers from a College which they did not apply to. Firm and Insurance DecisionsBy May all offers should have been decided and it is time to choose which offers to accept. The firm choice is simply the favourite university, and if that offer is met that will be the student’s university. The insurance choice is a backup in case the offer is not met for the firm choice. Because of this, it should have lower entry requirements. If neither offer is met, the student can enter Clearing on results day. STEPSTEP is the final Maths Admissions Test, used by Cambridge, Warwick, Bath, UCL and increasingly many universities. Unlike other admissions tests, STEP is taken around June, at the same time as A Level exams. Because of this, offers from places like Cambridge or Warwick depend on getting certain grades in STEP.There are three separate papers taken on three separate days; STEP 1 and 2 only require knowledge of A Level Maths while STEP 3 requires Further Maths. The papers are graded as S, 1, 2, 3, or U, with S being the highest grade.A stan dard offer from Cambridge will require a grade 1 in STEP 2 and 3. The exams are three hours long with 13 questions marked out of 20. Only the best 6 answers are marked in STEP. Around four full solutions out of a maximum of six answers should earn a grade 1.These exams are pretty tough. In 2016, 527 out of 1312 applicants got an offer. Of those 527, only 256 were accepted, as not everyone will meet their STEP offer. Finding a maths tutor to assist with preparing for these exams can hugely increase your chances of success.Results DayResults Day will be towards the end of August, and a lot of things can happen on that day. What is different especially for maths applicants to Cambridge is the Summer Pool. This acts similarly to the Winter Pool, if you missed your offer to one college, another college can choose to accept you. Due to STEP, this is a relatively common occurrence, with 26 out of 256 people getting in through the Summer Pool.Entry RequirementsThese are the typical entry re quirements for 2017 entry doing a 3 year maths course: CambridgeA*A*A (Mathematics, Further Mathematics + another subject) + 1,1 in STEP 2 and 3OxfordA*A*A with the A*s in Mathematics and Further Mathematics (if taken)WarwickVariations on A*A*A + 2 in STEPImperialA*A*ADurhamA*A*AOthersCheck University WebsiteThese may change for 2018 entry and individual offers can be different from the standard offer. STEP Maths provides training courses for students looking to study Mathematics and related subjects at university - with a particular focus on STEP, MAT, TMUA and interviews.Preparing to apply to Oxbridge and similar institutions? Tutorful have you covered with tutors across the UK experienced in University application processes. Wherever you aim to study, our tutors can help you prepare. View Oxbridge Admissions Tutors

?? Hiring A Tutor For A Child With Special Educational Needs (SEN)

?? Hiring A Tutor For A Child With Special Educational Needs (SEN) Hiring A Tutor For A Child With Special Educational Needs (SEN) It is not unusual for any child to experience difficulty in learning at some point in their education. This is often temporary and can be put down to a lack of confidence or problems with a particular subject. However there are some students that need extra or different requirements in their education.The term ‘Special Educational Needs’ is used to describe the disabilities and extra learning difficulties that can stop children learning at the same speed and level as other children their age. Children with Special Educational Needs (SEN) often need additional help and provisions to perform to the best of their ability.Search for tutors with experience teaching children with special needs here.There is not one set form of SEN. Different children can experience difficulties in one or more areas including problems with understanding and learning, emotional and behavioural needs, speech and language communications, and physical and sensory difficulties.Most Special Educational Needs can be met by the capabilities of a mainstream school, however different special needs students need to be catered for, and those with more complex needs can benefit from additional resources including private tuition. Hiring a private tutor offers a vast range of benefits to any learner, but especially those with additional needs.Tutors are experienced and specialist teachers.Using expertise in particular subjects, tutors can offer a detailed learning environment on the subjects you’re looking for, rather than a broad overview of multiple subjects. If you’re looking for support in one particular subject area, a private tutor is an ideal choice.Having the choice of a tutor who is trained to understand the complexities of SEN. Not only knowledgeable in their subject, tutors with experience handling additional needs can easily adapt their lessons to match the speed, level and challenges that come with disabilities and learning difficulties.Private tuition allows a child to receive the 1-to-1 attention that is best placed to enhance their learning. The tutor is able to give all of their time to the specific requirements of the student rather than splitting their attention with other students. Conc entrating all efforts towards the goals of one student means challenges can be highlighted and overcome sooner, in a much more personal method and setting.Frustration with education can easily be overcome by hiring a private tutor. With focused attention, working at a speed and level that suits them, and a less pressured environment, students with SEN can find a new confidence and enthusiasm for learning when working with a tutor. Having a more positive attitude towards education is a superb way of helping them develop knowledge and skills in a variety of subjects.If you’re considering private tuition for your child and want to support their Special Educational Needs, first speak to their school and get advice on which areas would be the most beneficial to focus on. Some students may have an Individual Education Plan (IEP) which can offer welcome guidance to tutors and help in setting objectives. Depending on the experience of the tutor, the subject and level of study you’re looking for, and any additional requirements, private tuition can vary in price. The hourly rate is set by the tutor and the best way to get an idea of the cost of tuition you are looking for is by performing a search in your local area. With Tutorful there are no hidden fees and the price you see on the website is the rate you will pay for each lesson.Search Tutorful for tutors in your area and filter results to include those with experience in teaching children with SEN. See results based on subject and level of study and find a tutor that fits the needs of you and your child. Send them a message to start a conversation and organise the next steps of your child’s tuition. For more information about booking a tutor, visit our FAQs page.